viernes, 14 de mayo de 2010

ENTRADA 10 - Sindrome De Parkinson-Tratamiento



ENTRADA 9- Sindrome De Parkinson-Tratamiento

ENTRADA 8 - Sindrome De Parkinson-Tratamiento

ENTRADA 7 - Sindrome De Parkinson-Tratamiento


TRATAMIENTO

Farmacología.

Actualmente la terapéutica farmacológica de la Enfermedad de Parkinson ha incrementado la expectativa y la calidad de vida de estos pacientes, pero al mismo tiempo ha modificado el curso natural de la enfermedad, asociando fenómenos tóxicos, en ocasiones complejos que interfieren en los estadios avanzados con el validismo y las actividades cotidianas de los afectados.

El objetivo de los medicamentos es tratar de restablecer el equilibrio. Una forma de lograrlo es la administración de levodopa, que se transforma en el cerebro en dopamina, con lo que se corrige el desequilibrio y se controlan los síntomas.

Otra forma es la administración de medicamentos que disminuyen los efectos de la acetilcolina. La combinación de estos dos procedimientos puede a menudo proporcionar un efecto terapéutico adicional; entre estos tenemos: triexifenidil o Artane, biperiden o Akinetón,etc.) En la actualidad se cuenta además, con medicamentos que aumentan la acción de la dopamina disponible en el cerebro, llamados medicamentos agonistas: (bromocriptina o Parlodel) y otros que bloquean la destrucción de la dopamina en el cerebro del paciente, disminuyendo la necesidad de darle grandes cantidades de dopamina, disminuyendo los efectos secundarios indeseables; aparentemente retrasan el progreso de la enfermedad; entre ellas tenemos al selegiline (Eldepryl, Deprenyl, Jumex, Jumexal). Con este tipo de medicamento se debe evitar el uso simultáneo de otros medicamentos que actúen bloqueando una enzima llamada monoaminoxidasa (mobeclamida o Aurorix, etc.) y evitar el consumo de alimentos que contengan la sustancia tiramina, ya que pueden causar una reacción muy peligrosa, una elevación excesiva de la presión sanguínea.

Se ha postulado que las vitaminas C y E, llamadas antioxidantes débiles, si se les utiliza en forma constante, son capaces de evitar la producción y acumulación de sustancias producto del catabolismo (destrucción) intracerebral de la dopamina y de otras llamadas radicales libres, las cuales son responsables en parte del agravamiento en el tiempo de la enfermedad y de algunos efectos secundarios indeseables del tratamiento con dopamina.

El Parkinson sigue siendo una dolencia neurológica de origen desconocido, que se ha convertido en la cuarta patología más frecuente entre las personas mayores. Los factores tóxicos y ambientales parecen ser los más importantes.


8.
Abordaje neuroquirúrgico.

El abordaje neuroquirúrgico por métodos estereotáxicos funcionales constituye una estrategia de elección en el tratamiento de estos pacientes en los que el control farmacológico, o resulta incompleto, o condiciona efectos adversos muy limitantes (discinesias y fluctuaciones motoras).

Uno de los más importantes avances en el tratamiento de la Enfermedad de Parkinson ha sido, el reconocimiento de que las opciones terapéuticas deben incluir no solamente terapia sintomática sino estrategia orientadas a lograr la lenta progresión de la enfermedad o un cambio positivo en el curso de su historia natural (Terapéutica neurorestaurativa). El propio desarrollo de esta concepción y de sus estrategias, constituye uno de los fundamentales propósitos de los investigadores dedicados a la Neurorestauración, con la convicción y la esperanza de que la aplicación combinada de los factores neurorestaurativos en el abordaje terapéutico de cuestiones complejas será en un futuro tal vez no muy lejano, herramienta importante de la práctica neuroquirúrgica cotidiana

ENTRADA 6 - Sindrome De Parkinson-Tratamiento

ENTRADA 5 - Sindrome De Parkinson-Tratamiento

CLINICA MAYO

TREATMENT

People who are only mildly affected by Parkinson's disease may need no treatment at first. As symptoms progress, various treatment approaches are available.

Medication

Medication selection and dosage are tailored to the individual. The doctor considers factors such as severity of symptoms, age and presence of other medical conditions. Every patient responds differently to a medication or dosage level, so this process involves experimentation, persistence, and patience. As the disease progresses, drug dosages may need to be modified. Sometimes drugs are combined. Patients need to receive care from doctors who have extensive experience treating all stages of Parkinson's disease — increasing the effectiveness of treatment at every stage of the disease.

Levodopa, a substance normally found in the body in limited amounts, is usually the first medication prescribed. Taken orally, levodopa can be converted by the body into dopamine the body needs.

Another class of drugs, dopamine agonists, is also useful at reducing symptoms and can be used singly or in conjunction with levodopa. Dopamine agonists were introduced 20 years ago. Agonists are chemical substances capable of combining with part of a cell and initiating a reaction or activity.

In 1998, the first in a new class of Parkinson's disease drugs (COMT inhibitors) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The COMT inhibitors prolong effects of levodopa therapy by blocking an enzyme that can break down levodopa.

Surgery

In severely affected patients, surgical treatments such as ablation, deep brain stimulation, and pallidotomy may control some symptoms.

Ablation

This procedure locates, targets, and then ablates (destroys) a clearly defined area of the brain affected by Parkinson's. The object is to destroy tissue that produces abnormal chemical or electrical impulses that produce abnormal movements. This approach is done less frequently, in favor of deep brain stimulation.

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

DBS targets areas in the brain where uncontrolled movements originate. The targeted region is inactivated, not destroyed, by an implanted electrode. The electrode is connected via a wire running beneath the skin to a stimulator and battery pack in the patient's chest.

Mayo Clinic has extensive expertise in determining which patients would benefit from the surgery. Read more aboutdeep brain stimulation.

Palllidotomy

Pallidotomy, (named for the pallidum area of the brain) is a delicate surgical procedure that targets a precise area to control certain symptoms. A fine probe measures abnormal electrical activity. Another probe delivers small electrical shocks. The patient, who is awake during the surgery, describes the effects to pinpoint the area for treatment. The surgeon then burns a tiny hole in the cells. Results are almost immediate.

Cerebral Transplantation

Dopamine-producing cells are implanted into the brain. The cells used for transplantation may come from fetal cells or embryonic stem cells.

At present, this surgery is experimental and much research needs to be done before it can be considered routinely. Mayo Clinic currently does not offer this surgery.

Complementary Treatments

Numerous therapies and nutritional supplements may help relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.

Physical therapy can help strengthen and tone underused muscles, and give rigid muscles a better range of motion. The goal is to help build body strength, improve balance, overcome gait problems and improve speaking and swallowing. Simple physical activities such as walking, gardening and swimming can foster a sense of well-being. For some patients, soothing massage may provide relief from muscle rigidity and may have other neuromuscular benefit(s).

Tomado de :http://www.mayoclinic.org/parkinsons-disease/treatment.html




GOBIERNO DE VICTORIA (AUSTRALIA)

Parkinson’s disease cannot be cured but it can be managed. Support and treatment can help manage the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. The main method of treatment is medication, which aims to alleviate the symptoms. Many kinds of medications are available.

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological condition and is often referred to as a movement disorder. The symptoms include tremor, rigidity, slowness and impaired movement. With a combination of medication and multidisciplinary support, people with Parkinson’s can live independent and productive lives.

No two people have exactly the same Parkinson’s and no two people will have exactly the same treatment. Your doctor or neurologist can help you decide which treatments to use.

Medication
Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease result from the progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the middle area of the brain. This causes a deficiency in the availability of dopamine, which is necessary for smooth and controlled movements.

Most Parkinson’s medications fit into one of the following broad categories:

  • Levodopa – dopamine replacement therapy.
  • Dopamine agonists – mimic the action of dopamine.
  • COMT inhibitors – used along with levodopa. This medication blocks an enzyme known as COMT to prevent levodopa breaking down in the intestine and to allow more of it to reach the brain.
  • Anticholinergics block the effect of another brain chemical (a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine) to re-balance its levels with dopamine.
  • Amantadine – has anticholinergic properties and enhances dopamine transmission.
  • MAO type B inhibitors – prevents the metabolism of dopamine within the brain.
Talk to your doctor about your treatment
It is important to see a neurologist or a doctor who has experience in assisting people living with Parkinson’s disease. These are the best people to help you decide which treatments to use.

There is no ‘best’ drug treatment for Parkinson’s. Each person has different symptoms, disease progression, lifestyle and physical tolerances. All of these factors will affect the timing, type, dose and combinations of medication. As the disease progresses, your individual medication program will need to be reviewed and altered.

It is very important to take your medication at the recommended time and on time every day, whether you are at home, at work, in hospital or in a nursing home. Medications taken late can severely hamper the movements of people living with Parkinson’s.

How long does the medication last?
Medication will help to elevate symptoms but will not alter the progression of the symptoms over time. Over time, you may experience problems with your medication wearing off and may need to try different drug regimes to get the most benefit.

Seeing a neurologist regularly will help you to make sure you are getting the best possible medication management. A neurologist will manage your doses and any necessary adjustments. This is important as side effects can be a problem when on large doses.

Multidisciplinary support can help
Early access to a multidisciplinary support team is important. These teams may include doctors, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, dietitians, social workers and specialist nurses. Members of the team assess the person with Parkinson’s and identify any potential difficulties.

There are a limited number of multidisciplinary teams in Victoria that specialise in Parkinson’s management.

Surgery is an option
Neurosurgery (brain surgery) is an option to treat Parkinson’s symptoms, but it is not suitable for everyone. There are strict criteria and guidelines as to who can be a candidate for surgery and this is something that only your doctor and you can decide.

The three commonly used forms of surgery are:
  • Thalamotomy – a lesion (cut) is placed on part of the brain to alleviate some forms of tremor.
  • Pallidotomy – a lesion is placed on a different part of the brain to alleviate dyskinesias (wriggling movements).
  • Deep brain stimulation – an electronic deep brain stimulator is placed in the brain to control specific symptoms. The electrical impulse creates a lesion, which blocks abnormal nerve signals and reduces the targeted symptom. This device is sometimes called a brain pacemaker.
Help for carers
Being a carer can be difficult. A wide range of agencies can provide help and support. These include:
  • Parkinson’s Victoria Tel. 1800 644 189
  • Carers Victoria Tel. 1800 242 636
  • BrainLink Tel. 1800 677 579
Support includes counselling, carer education programs, information on a variety of issues and support groups.

Where to get help
  • Your doctor, who can refer you to a neurologist
  • A neurologist or your local doctor can also arrange a referral to a movement disorders clinic
  • Kingston Movement Disorder Clinic Tel. (03) 9265 1411
  • Wantirna Health (Wantirna) Tel. (03) 9955 1229
  • Rosebud Rehabilitation Unit (Rosebud) Tel. (03) 5981 2166
  • Elsternwick Private (Elsternwick) Tel. (03) 9528 6855
  • St John of God, Nepean Rehabilitation (Frankston) Tel. (03) 9788 3330
Things to remember
  • A neurologist is the best person to see if you have Parkinson’s disease – your GP can arrange this.
  • It is important to discuss your medication issues with your treating health professionals.
  • No two people have exactly the same Parkinson’s and no two people will have exactly the same treatment.
  • Good management is a combination of medication and multidisciplinary support.
  • Medication continues to be effective throughout the condition’s progression; however, doses will need to be adjusted as symptoms change.

lunes, 10 de mayo de 2010

ENTRADA 4 - Sindrome De Parkinson-Tratamiento


Hallan sustancia para tratar depresión en enfermos de Parkinson

El pramipexol, un agonista dopaminérgico, podría ser útil para combatir la depresión en los enfermos de Parkinson, según un estudio publicado en la revista científica "The Lancet".

Aproximadamente el 35 por ciento de los enfermos de Parkinson sufren depresión.

Estudios anteriores demostraron que los agonistas dopaminérgicos, como el pramipexol, que contrarrestan el descenso en la producción de dopamina en el cerebro, son efectivos para paliar los síntomas de depresión en la mayoría de la gente que no sufre Parkinson.

En busca de pruebas de que esa sustancia también puede ayudar a tratar a los enfermos de Parkinson, un equipo de la Universidad de Nápoles (Italia) encabezado por Paolo Barone inició esta investigación, en la que han participado 296 pacientes procedentes de doce países europeos y de Suráfrica.

A 144 pacientes, elegidos al azar, se les suministró pramipexol y a los 152 restantes un placebo y al cabo de un tiempo se constató que la depresión mejoró considerablemente en los enfermos a los que se les había suministrado pramipexol.

El 80 por ciento de éstos notaron los efectos positivos del tratamiento con esa substancia.

Sin embargo, los efectos secundarios también fueron más comunes entre los pacientes a los que se les suministro pramipexol, ya que los sufrieron el 73 por ciento, frente al 63 por ciento en el caso de los que tomaron el placebo.

Los efectos secundarios habituales de este medicamento son náuseas, mareos, dolores de cabeza y somnolencia.

Según los autores, este estudio demuestra que este tipo de tratamiento debería empezar a ser considerado para los enfermos de Parkinson que tengan síntomas importantes de depresión.

TOMADO DE:EFE


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